Concurrent Sessions IV | April 30 | 9:30 – 11:00 AM 

In December 2024, the U.S. Supreme Court heard its first NEPA case in over 20 years, Seven County Infrastructure v. Eagle County. The ruling in this case is expected to define the scope of an agency's NEPA obligations for decades to come. This panel, which includes people who were involved with the project from Day 1 all the way through the Supreme Court argument, will recount the journey from the initial project proposal to the Surface Transportation Board, the preparation of the Environmental Impact Statement, the first legal challenge to the STB's NEPA review, and ultimately, the appeal to the Supreme Court. The discussion will provide first-hand insight on how the project NEPA team and legal counsel (knowing that this project would be controversial) attempted to anticipate and respond to challenges to the EIS even before litigation was filed. For example, the panel will discuss how they decided which impacts qualified as reasonably foreseeable and which did not, and how that issue might be addressed by the Supreme Court. The panel will also provide insight into how the project's legal defense team worked with consultants to prepare a defensible EIS and balance NEPA's requirements with reasonable limits on technical review. Finally, the panel will offer reactions to the Supreme Court oral argument and offer modest predictions into the final decision, expected in June 2025.

Learning Objectives

Provide updates on the pending Supreme Court case and insights into how technical NEPA work and legal defense were coordinated through the administrative process and legal review.

Fred Wagner, JD, University of Virginia School of Law
Principal Environmental Advisor, Environmental Solutions
Jacobs

Fred Wager focuses on environmental and natural resource issues, associated with major infrastructure, mining, and energy project development. Fred was appointed Chief Counsel of the U.S. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) during the Obama administration. Fred began his career as a trial attorney in the Environment Division of the U.S. Department of Justice. He also served as a special assistant U.S. attorney in the Misdemeanor Trial Section of the U.S. Attorney's Office for the District of Columbia. Prior to joining Jacobs, Fred spent more than 25 years in private practice in two national law firms, focusing on all aspects of environmental and natural resources law. He routinely defended project permits and approvals in federal court, including at the U.S. Supreme Court.

Jay Johnson, JD, University of Virginia School of Law
Partner
Venable LLP

Jay Johnson serves clients in a wide range of infrastructure and natural resource contexts, both by guiding them past regulatory and environmental review obstacles to win agency approvals and by litigating the complex issues that often arise in such contexts. Jay focuses on projects that attract scrutiny from both regulators and third-party groups, including mining, rail and surface transportation, and port projects. Jay has briefed and argued dozens of cases in trial and appellate courts around the country. He also successfully petitioned for U.S. Supreme Court review as counsel of record in Seven County Infrastructure Coalition v. Eagle County, which the Court will hear during its October 2024 term.

For the South Carolina Department of Transportation (SCDOT) Environmental Services Office (ESO), environmental planning doesn’t stop at construction let. As most environmental planners know, establishing environmental commitments and conditions is an integral part of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and permitting processes. Impact avoidance and mitigation efforts during the NEPA and permitting phases often establish commitments such as those related to the Endangered Species Act (ESA), the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA), the Magnuson - Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA), Clean Water Act (CWA) permitting, and those related to United States Coast Guard (USCG) and state navigability permitting. However, ensuring that contractors adhere to the established conditions can be much more challenging.

In sync with SCDOT’s long-standing commitment to minimize the impact of transportation infrastructure on the natural and human environment while promoting sustainable development, SCDOT recognized the need for a more comprehensive and methodical approach to ensuring environmental compliance during the construction phase. This led to the establishment of the SCDOT Environmental Construction Compliance (ECC) program in the early 2000’s, which was designed to ensure that all construction activities carried out by the contractor complied with federal and state environmental regulations as well as NEPA commitments, permitting conditions, and pre-construction impact mitigation efforts. The ECC program not only established continuous commitment monitoring and reporting during construction, but it reduced many of the previous compliance challenges by increasing communication and transparency between the SCDOT resident construction engineers (RCEs), SCDOT ECC inspectors, contractors, and regulatory agencies. The core components of the ECC program are pre-construction coordination with the contractor, regular project inspections, detailed reporting of non-compliant items, and escalation procedures if corrective actions are not taken by the contractor in a timely manner.

Soon after the inception of the ECC program, SCDOT experienced a drastic decrease in CWA permitting violations and unplanned compensatory mitigation needs. Over the years SCDOT has continued to refine its ECC program with continuous improvements that have leveraged lessons learned from past projects and by adopting innovative solutions and advancement in technology that can provide real-time compliance data for construction projects. This new data dashboard allows SCDOT ECC staff to easily track the compliance status and monitor active violations for dozens of active projects across the state while increasing transparency and building firmer relationships with regulatory agencies.

This session will present the SCDOT ECC program, the challenges, successes, innovations, and how they’ve expanded the relationship with regulatory agencies that are ultimately responsible for the NEPA and permitting commitments bound to SCDOT infrastructure projects

Chris Neely
Environmental Compliance Manager
SCDOT

Chris Neely is an Environmental Compliance Manager for the SCDOT Environmental Services Office. In this role, he oversees the environmental compliance efforts for transportation projects across the state, ensuring that projects adhere to federal and state environmental regulations during construction. Chris’ responsibilities include managing consultants, conducting routine compliance inspections, and coordinating with SCDOT resident construction engineers (RCEs), contractors, and regulatory agencies. Chris has been instrumental in helping to advance the department’s environmental compliance initiatives and promoting a healthy balance between the natural and human environment and infrastructure development.

Ed Smail
Senior Environmental Specialist
Michael Baker International

Ed Smail is a Senior Environmental Specialist and Project Manager at Michael Baker International. He has over 19 years of experience leading wetland delineations, protected species surveys, Clean Water Act Section 404/401 permitting, and has served as principal author on surface transportation and aviation NEPA documents. On behalf of SCDOT, Ed currently serves as the lead environmental compliance inspector for SCDOT’s Districts 1 and 2.

Lee Williams 
Environmental & Planning Manager
Michael Baker International

Lee Williams serves as the Environmental & Planning Manager at Michael Baker International. He has over 19 years of environmental consulting experience with federal, state, and local government agencies as well as private developers. During his career, he has been actively engaged in environmental compliance for both federal and non-federally funded projects. He has served as project manager or environmental task lead on numerous projects including leading NEPA documentation, Clean Water Act Section 404/401 permitting, environmental construction compliance, and special studies including biological/ecological assessments, GIS analysis, compensatory mitigation monitoring, and public involvement.

During a state-wide culvert inventory, South Carolina Department of Natural Resources (SCDNR) discovered tricolored bats (Perimyotis subflavus) roosting in several culverts along the Interstate-26 (I-26) corridor. In anticipation of widening the interstate and potentially impacting the bat habitat, South Carolina Department of Transportation (SCDOT) contracted Stantec to help them gain a better understanding of how bats were using the culverts. Surveys were conducted between August 2022 and May 2024. During each survey, biologists entered the culvert and conducted point-count surveys. The greatest number of tricolored bats were observed during the December and January surveys, and these bats were observed in a state of torpor, indicating these culverts were being utilized as hibernacula. The fewest number of observed tricolored bats occurred during the summer surveys. According to observations, it is likely that male tricolored bats use these culverts year-round. The cumulative impacts to the tricolored bat resulting from the temporary removal, replacement, and repair of the roadway culverts are expected to be adverse during the construction period. The Biological Assessment, prepared for and submitted by SCDOT, addresses the proposed actions in compliance with Section 7(c) of the Endangered Species Act (ESA) of 1973, as amended. An exclusion plan, a conservation-management activity that denies bats entry to the culverts while maintenance or construction activities are occurring, was prepared for use during construction. Minimization efforts include installation of bat roost exclusionary devices or screen mesh “curtain” panels on all culverts to prevent injury or harm to the tricolored bat before construction begins. In addition, SCDOT proposes to enhance roosting and hibernacula habitat within the culverts by applying “roughened concrete” along the ceiling and walls of the new and extended culverts.

Learning Objectives

This session will present how SCDOT is handling a growing concern affecting several state DOT's. Every project is different and telling the story of this one specific project is intended to provoke thought on ways to remedy bat issues acceptable to regulatory agencies.

Trevor Walker
Wildlife Biologist/ Environmental Scientist
Stantec Consulting Services Inc. 

Trevor is a wildlife biologist and environmental scientist with a diverse background in ecological studies. He has a Master of Science in Biology from Austin Peay State University, a Bachelor’s of Science in Wildlife, Fisheries, and Conservation Biology from N.C. State University, and an Associates of Applied Science in Fisheries and Wildlife Management Technology from Haywood Community College. Trevor has worked specializing in bats for 7 years conducting mist net surveys, hibernacula surveys, culvert surveys, and swabbing of bats to detect White-nose syndrome for federal, state, and private agencies. He also has experience in state level surveys for threatened and endangered amphibians, reptiles, birds, mussels, and insects in multiple states in the eastern U.S. Furthermore, he is certified in Genus level identification of mayflies, stoneflies, and caddisflies in the Southeastern U.S.  Trevor has worked with Stantec for 2 years and looks to continue work specializing in threatened and endangered species.

Amanda Voges, PWS, CEPSCI
Environmental Scientist
Stantec Consulting Services Inc. 

Amanda has a Bachelor of Science in Natural Resources Management and a Master of Science in Environmental Studies. She has been working with Stantec as an Environmental Scientist for over 6 years but overall has been in the environmental field for almost 10 years. She has a strong background in wetland delineations, protected species surveys, federal and state permitting, and environmental compliance.

There has been a flurry of regulatory initiatives surrounding the management of PFAS. in 2024 alone, the Toxic Release Inventory was updated, our National Drinking Water Standards now include 6 PFAS compounds. There is now a PFAS Reportable quantity (RQ). Superfund has added 9 PFAS to the Hazardous Substances List, an NPDES PFAS "hit List" has been established and there is a PFAS data collection rule for POTWs. RCRA regulation will also be passed by the time of the 2025 conference. Commercial and industrial owners/operators who become aware of "releases" of PFAS on their property are likely to have reporting obligations to the federal government. EPA and State regulators now have the authority to issue directives to assess and possibly clean up PFAS-impacted properties. The DOT will now be required to manage and label PFAS-related materials for packaging and transport.

Many voluntary cleanup programs require pre-notification of contaminants encountered that will no doubt include PFAS. Because groundwater is treated as drinking water, there could be reports during Phase II assessments submitted to regulatory authorities, possibly triggering requests for treatment prior to use. POTW analysis of wastewater discharge and, more importantly, biomass will identify PFAS requiring reporting and management. NPDES Stormwater MS4 analysis (especially sediment) will require reporting and management. New Superfund sites may be added, and those that are closed could be re-opened. Quick self-directed cleanups that employ "dig and haul" of soils could be impacted. Worst yet, no chemical or biological technology is currently available in situ that can break down these compounds into their elemental components. All of these issues and more will be addressed

Learning Objectives

• Regulatory Update
• Standards Review
• Financial and Technical Challenges

Nicholas Albergo, P.E., DEE, F. ASCE, D. WRE, F. EWRI
Senior Advisor
GHD SERVICES LIMITED

Nick Albergo is a Senior Advisor to GHD and was the founder and CEO of HSA Engineers & Scientists, a Florida-based engineering consulting firm that he successfully grew to more than 400 professionals. The firm was sold to GHD in 2013. He is an adjunct professor at the University of South Florida Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering. He has had a distinguished career as an inventor and as the author of over 185 professional publications. He has been working within the fields of environmental and water resources engineering for over 35 years. More specifically, he has developed a multidisciplinary emerging contaminants practice with a worldwide reputation for providing insight, advocacy, and remedies to government, public, and private clients.

There is increased interest in reuse of former industrial sites, including but not limited to former coal plants, for siting new nuclear generation facilities. Former industrial sites offer opportunities to build new industrial projects while minimizing encroachment into previously undeveloped settings with sensitive environmental resources, exploiting established infrastructure such as roads and transmission lines, and helping rebuild local economies harmed by the closure of previous employment centers. Many former industrial sites are termed brownfields, defined under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) as "real property, the expansion, redevelopment, or reuse of which may be complicated by the presence or potential presence of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant."

Redevelopment of a brownfield site for nuclear use has many factors that need to be considered. It is important to understand the regulatory framework of brownfields, their redevelopment process, and associated liabilities. This paper will address environmental considerations for licensing reviews by the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) for new nuclear projects proposed for brownfield sites. Some specific considerations will include National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) analysis and compliance, site evaluation and siting factors, and pre-engagement for NRC licensing activities for brownfield site projects. Specific past NRC licensing reviews involving former industrial sites will be presented as case studies.

J. Peyton Doub, MS, PWS, CEP
Senior Environmental Scientist
US Nuclear Regulatory Commission

Mr. Doub is a Senior Environmental Scientist with the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. He has over 35 years experience as an ecologist and wetland scientist contributing to EISs and EAs for multiple agencies, the last 17 years with NRC. Mr. Doub is on several NRC working groups addressing NEPA modernizing and streamlining to accommodate new and advanced reactor licensing. He has been a member of NAEP since 1996, having served on the Board of Directors and spoken at numerous past conferences.

Michelle Sutherland, MBA, MSc
Senior Environmental Scientist
US Nuclear Regulatory Commission

Michelle Sutherland is an experienced environmental professional, who has worked in both public and private sectors over the past 16 years. She has a BS in Geology and BS in Biology from the University of Southern California, an MS in Geology from the University of Minnesota, and an MBA from the University of Idaho. Her career has focused on environmental compliance, permitting, policy and execution, along with environmental research and analytical application to complex environmental projects, and project management. Michelle has continued to be an active participant in academia where she is Adjunct Faculty with the University of Idaho, in support of the MS Environmental Science program.

Austin Brenller
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Speaker Bio Coming Soon

As the complexities of environmental review and permitting processes continue to grow, new methods and technologies are being explored to enhance the efficiency, accuracy, and inclusivity of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) processes. We  invite participants to explore how recent advancements in technology (including large language models (LLMs), data standardization, and AI-assisted workflows) can help modernize and streamline NEPA processes. The objective of this session is to make environmental practitioners aware of the potential of using AI in the NEPA process and how AI can be integrated effectively and responsibly to improve efficiency and outcomes. The session keynote will first provide an overview of the current and evolving NEPA landscape, highlighting new technologies, data standards, and advancements to streamline environmental review processes.

Next, two talks on AI will dive into the technical aspects. The first talk, "How AI (LLMs) can streamline NEPA processes," will explain how LLMs can aid human experts in expediting time-intensive environmental review tasks (e.g., information retrieval, public comment processing, application compliance, etc.). The second talk, "Bias, Risk, and Best Practices in AI-Assisted NEPA Workflows," will cover the ethical and procedural considerations of using AI in NEPA processes, addressing the importance of minimizing bias and risk while ensuring transparency and accountability in AI-augmented workflows. The discussion will also cover the standards, tools as regulated by the Biden-Harris Executive Order and National Institute of Standards and Technology to help ensure that the AI applications are safe, secure, and trustworthy.

The Session will then move into three concurrent interactive breakout mini sessions, each focused on a specific case study, to provide attendees a deeper, more curated dive into practical AI applications in NEPA. These mini sessions will provide practical challenges to elicit feedback from practitioners:

Case Study 1 (agency perspective): AI-driven search and summarization to simplify and expedite information retrieval from historical NEPA documents.

Case Study 2 (public perspective): A human-AI workflow for public interaction with NEPA documents, including gathering insights and the comment creation process.

Case Study 3 (project proponent perspective): Application pre-check tool to validate the completeness of the application documents for Agency to review OR/AND Workflow automation software tools to follow set rules and guidelines that enable users to produce preliminary documents.

Following the breakout mini sessions, moderators will gather to share insights and findings with session attendees, fostering a broader understanding of AI's potential across the NEPA landscape. The session will close with concluding remarks, summarizing key takeaways and future opportunities for AI-assisted environmental review.

Learning Objectives

The objective of this Session is to make environmental practitioners aware of the potential of using AI in the NEPA process and how AI can be integrated effectively and responsibly to improve efficiency and outcomes. This interactive Session will be ideal for early- to mid-career professionals in environmental review and regulatory compliance who are interested in leveraging AI to enhance NEPA workflows, minimize manual burdens, and make more informed, data-driven environmental decisions.

Mike Parker
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Speaker Bio Coming Soon

Sameera Horawalavithana
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Organization 

Speaker Bio Coming Soon